Distribution of the non-indigenous colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum (Kott, 2002) in the Bay of Fundy and on offshore banks, eastern Canada

The invasive colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum (Kott, 2002) was initially discovered in the fall of 2013 near Parrsboro, Nova Scotia. A rapid response survey was conducted in April 2014 to confirm the presence of the species and to determine its distribution near the original detection site. Subsequent surveys between May and August 2014 examined the dredge contents collected during sea scallop stock assessment surveys on German Bank, northern Browns Bank, eastern Georges Bank and in the Bay of Fundy region. The presence of D. vexillum was confirmed at 22 of 30 stations sampled in four areas of the Minas Basin and Minas Channel region in the northern Bay of Fundy during the rapid response survey. The scallop surveys confirmed the presence of D. vexillum at 9 of 829 stations sampled in the Bay of Fundy region, including 7 in the Minas Basin, 1 off Digby Gut and another off the coast of Yarmouth. Due to the presence of a native species, D. albidum, in the region, a PCR assay was developed to distinguish D. vexillum from all other species in the region. Once the PCR assay was validated this assay was used to confirm all positive identifications in this study. Colonies overgrew rocks, bivalve shells and seaweeds or were retrieved as large dislodged fragments. They were in an overwintering state in April, but healthy, and observed to grow into dense mats in summer. In other regions of the world, D. vexillum has been reported to foul shellfish and aquaculture gear, smother benthic organisms such as the sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus), and overgrow substrates, suggesting this new colonial invasive ascidian poses a potential threat to Eastern Canada aquaculture and commercial benthic fisheries.